土工膜按照发展顺序可分为哪几种形式？

土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)膜作(zuo)为一(yi)种发(fa)展近百年(nian)的防(fang)渗材(cai)料，积累了(le)大量的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程经验。其(qi)具有延展性强、适应变形能(neng)力高、耐腐蚀、耐低温(wen)、抗冻性能(neng)好等优(you)点。土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)膜按发(fa)展顺(shun)序可分为：现有土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)膜、改(gai)良型土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)膜和(he)新型土(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)膜。

现有(you)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)膜(mo)(mo)基(ji)于热(re)固化反应，可分(fen)为常(chang)规(gui)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)膜(mo)(mo)和复合(he)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)膜(mo)(mo)，两种(zhong)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)膜(mo)(mo)均在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)厂中预制而(er)成，再通过车(che)辆运(yun)输至施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)现场，进(jin)行人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)拼接、安装，常(chang)用(yong)的拼接方法有(you)热(re)熔焊接法、胶黏法。现有(you)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)膜(mo)(mo)的缺(que)点是制作及施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)复杂、造价高、耗(hao)时(shi)高，且易(yi)发(fa)生(sheng)穿透破坏和接缝(feng)破坏。

改(gai)良型(xing)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)常通(tong)过(guo)细钉对(dui)现(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)加肋，加肋材料(liao)(liao)与现(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)材料(liao)(liao)一致，能(neng)显著提高界面剪切强(qiang)度等性能(neng)。但改(gai)良型(xing)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)仅在现(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的基础(chu)上进行改(gai)造，依(yi)(yi)旧需(xu)要(yao)在工(gong)厂中预制而成，再通(tong)过(guo)车(che)辆运输至现(xian)(xian)场，进行人工(gong)拼(pin)接、安装。改(gai)良型(xing)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)仅改(gai)良了现(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的某些(xie)性能(neng)，现(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的缺点依(yi)(yi)旧保留。

新(xin)型土工(gong)膜一(yi)般指光固(gu)化(hua)土工(gong)膜，它结合了(le)目前(qian)材(cai)(cai)料领域(yu)、化(hua)学(xue)领域(yu)一(yi)种(zhong)更(geng)先进的材(cai)(cai)料制造方法，即(ji)将不饱和单体、光引发剂和碳(tan)黑粉3种(zhong)原材(cai)(cai)料按(an)一(yi)定(ding)比例(li)混合均匀(yun)，再通过特定(ding)波长的紫(zi)外光照射，即(ji)可生成(cheng)大面(mian)积的光固(gu)化(hua)土工(gong)膜。光固(gu)化(hua)土工(gong)膜拥(yong)有施工(gong)快(kuai)速简单、安全(quan)无污染(ran)等优点，且避免了(le)接缝破坏(huai)，是目前(qian)的研究热点。

土工(gong)膜作为一种(zhong)防渗性能(neng)优良的材料，常用于垃圾填埋(mai)场、尾矿储存场、渠道、堤坝(ba)、地铁(tie)等工(gong)程。