水库上垫层及混凝土预制块护面施工

1.施工准备

混凝土预制块(kuai)数量较(jiao)大，应(ying)提前计划生产(chan)，并规划充足的成品堆(dui)码场地(di)，堆(dui)码高度不宜超过1.50m。堆(dui)码方式沿长边侧立(li)堆(dui)码，纵向、横(heng)向交叉(cha)堆(dui)码，不宜平面堆(dui)码，避免底部混凝土预制块(kuai)因(yin)长时间受压(ya)而开裂。

根(gen)据(ju)设计技(ji)术要(yao)求文件，试验(yan)室(shi)对(dui)周边料场的碎石料进行取样、筛分，选择最符合设计要(yao)求的料场进行碎石料采购(gou)，严格控制(zhi)碎石料超(chao)径(jing)、逊径(jing)含(han)量(liang)，超(chao)径(jing)含(han)量(liang)过(guo)多(duo)则对(dui)保护土(tu)工膜不利，逊径(jing)含(han)量(liang)过(guo)多(duo)则库水位骤降过(guo)程中(zhong)容易从混凝土(tu)预制(zhi)块缝

隙中流(liu)出。施工工具(ju)准(zhun)备(bei)，混凝土预制块(kuai)铺设人员人手配(pei)备(bei)一(yi)把橡(xiang)胶锤、钢尺(chi)、撬(qiao)棍或砖(zhuan)刀(dao)(dao)、抹泥板，配(pei)备(bei)不齐人员不得进行混凝土预制块(kuai)铺设。橡(xiang)胶锤用(yong)于对预制块(kuai)敲击(ji)、整平，钢尺(chi)用(yong)于测(ce)量(liang)搭接宽度、凹(ao)坑深度等，撬(qiao)棍或砖(zhuan)刀(dao)(dao)用(yong)于预制块(kuai)校正，抹泥板用(yong)于碎(sui)石(shi)垫层料精平。

2.样(yang)板先行制度(du)

五家寨水库上游坝面(mian)护坡面(mian)积较大，点多面(mian)广(guang)，为此(ci)，施(shi)(shi)工决定推行样板(ban)先行制度(du)，在坝轴线(xian)里程的某段位置坝面(mian)进(jin)行样板(ban)铺(pu)设(she)，选取施(shi)(shi)工技术相(xiang)对精湛(zhan)的班组铺(pu)设(she)，铺(pu)设(she)过程中管理人(ren)员(yuan)全面(mian)跟踪检(jian)(jian)查、指导(dao)，同时对确定的施(shi)(shi)工工艺(yi)进(jin)行检(jian)(jian)验。样板(ban)铺(pu)设(she)完成(cheng)，对样板(ban)施(shi)(shi)工质(zhi)量(liang)进(jin)行全面(mian)检(jian)(jian)查，线(xian)型顺制度(du)、表面(mian)平整度(du)及缝(feng)隙(xi)宽度(du)等均满足设(she)计要求(qiu)，且基本(ben)达到优良标(biao)准。

3.上(shang)垫层铺设施工(gong)

（1）测量放(fang)线(xian)

土(tu)工(gong)(gong)膜(mo)表面放(fang)线(xian)采用(yong)(yong)的是将(jiang)混凝土(tu)预制块(kuai)钻孔，钢筋桩一头插入钻孔内，一头挂施工(gong)(gong)线(xian)，混凝土(tu)预制块(kuai)摆放(fang)于土(tu)工(gong)(gong)布上表面，该措施不(bu)用(yong)(yong)把土(tu)工(gong)(gong)膜(mo)钉穿(chuan)，但钢筋桩在施工(gong)(gong)过程(cheng)中容(rong)易滑动，施工(gong)(gong)控制线(xian)准(zhun)确(que)度降低。采用(yong)(yong)这种措施，测量人员加大了对(dui)施工(gong)(gong)控制线(xian)的复核频率，既保(bao)护了土(tu)工(gong)(gong)膜(mo)不(bu)损坏，又提高了施工(gong)(gong)控制准(zhun)确(que)度。 

（2）碎石料运输(shu)

马(ma)道以下坡(po)(po)面(mian)(mian)，碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)料由自(zi)卸车（15t）直接运(yun)(yun)输(shu)至(zhi)库底(di)，装载(zai)机(ji)装入(ru)(ru)(ru)专用圆形(xing)塔吊料斗，25t汽车式(shi)起(qi)重机(ji)吊入(ru)(ru)(ru)铺(pu)(pu)设(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)面(mian)(mian)附近。料斗底(di)部(bu)(bu)距铺(pu)(pu)设(she)(she)面(mian)(mian)高度控制在(zai)(zai)0.50～0.80m，低(di)于0.50m，料斗底(di)部(bu)(bu)容(rong)易挂到土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)膜(mo)，进而损坏(huai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)膜(mo)；高于0.80m，卸料时碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)料落差大，容(rong)易冲击(ji)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)布(bu)，导致土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)布(bu)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)膜(mo)滑动(dong)。卸料时沿(yan)(yan)铺(pu)(pu)设(she)(she)作(zuo)业面(mian)(mian)缓慢移动(dong)料斗，碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)料均匀(yun)摊(tan)铺(pu)(pu)，不得集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)卸料，避免受力集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)造成(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)布(bu)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)膜(mo)滑动(dong)。马(ma)道以上(shang)坡(po)(po)面(mian)(mian)，在(zai)(zai)铺(pu)(pu)设(she)(she)作(zuo)业面(mian)(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)设(she)(she)置运(yun)(yun)输(shu)带(dai)，宽度2.00～3.00m，先在(zai)(zai)坡(po)(po)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)多铺(pu)(pu)设(she)(she)一层(ceng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)布(bu)，与防滑槽(cao)结合(he)低(di)凹(ao)部(bu)(bu)位用碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)垫(dian)(dian)层(ceng)铺(pu)(pu)填平顺，顶(ding)部(bu)(bu)铺(pu)(pu)设(she)(she)黑色聚乙烯膜(mo)，厚1.50mm，聚乙烯膜(mo)两侧用土(tu)(tu)(tu)袋垫(dian)(dian)高，中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)形(xing)成(cheng)凹(ao)槽(cao)。坝顶(ding)位置采用Φ16钢筋桩锚固，伸入(ru)(ru)(ru)基础40cm。碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)料由自(zi)卸车（15t）直接运(yun)(yun)输(shu)至(zhi)坝顶(ding)，分堆堆放于运(yun)(yun)输(shu)带(dai)旁，人(ren)工(gong)(gong)铲入(ru)(ru)(ru)运(yun)(yun)输(shu)带(dai)，人(ren)工(gong)(gong)站在(zai)(zai)运(yun)(yun)输(shu)带(dai)上(shang)沿(yan)(yan)坡(po)(po)面(mian)(mian)自(zi)上(shang)而下将碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)料扒运(yun)(yun)至(zhi)铺(pu)(pu)设(she)(she)作(zuo)业面(mian)(mian)。

（3）碎石料铺设

人(ren)工(gong)(gong)采用0.50m宽的(de)(de)钢制(zhi)刮(gua)(gua)板(ban)将作业面(mian)的(de)(de)碎(sui)石垫层摊铺初平(ping)(ping)(ping)，刮(gua)(gua)板(ban)使(shi)用前应对刮(gua)(gua)板(ban)进行(xing)钝化(hua)处理，沿碎(sui)石表面(mian)扒刮(gua)(gua)，不(bu)(bu)宜掏(tao)底挖刮(gua)(gua)，避(bi)免损伤土(tu)工(gong)(gong)布(bu)及土(tu)工(gong)(gong)膜。初平(ping)(ping)(ping)完成后(hou)应进行(xing)精确平(ping)(ping)(ping)整，精平(ping)(ping)(ping)作业人(ren)员(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)手配一(yi)把(ba)钢卷(juan)尺和铁板(ban)，按照厚度施工(gong)(gong)控制(zhi)线(xian)采用后(hou)退(tui)法整平(ping)(ping)(ping)铺设面(mian)，精平(ping)(ping)(ping)后(hou)的(de)(de)铺设面(mian)不(bu)(bu)允许人(ren)员(yuan)(yuan)走(zou)动(dong)、踩踏(ta)，避(bi)免铺设面(mian)破坏。

4.混凝(ning)土预制(zhi)块(kuai)护面铺(pu)设(she)施工

（1）测量(liang)放线

放线(xian)基础准备工作同上垫层铺设类似(si)，这里主要强调圆弧段(duan)和直线(xian)段(duan)混凝土预制块纵、横(heng)向放线(xian)方(fang)法(fa)。

（2）混(hun)凝(ning)土预制块运(yun)输

马道以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)坡(po)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)预制(zhi)(zhi)块(kuai)(kuai)由(you)堆(dui)场(chang)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)小型运(yun)输车(che)(che)或(huo)装(zhuang)载机运(yun)输至库底(di)，人(ren)工装(zhuang)卸(xie)，不(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)直接(jie)翻倒，避(bi)免(mian)(mian)混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)预制(zhi)(zhi)块(kuai)(kuai)棱角磕碰磨(mo)(mo)损，影响(xiang)(xiang)外观(guan)质量。人(ren)工装(zhuang)入砖斗(dou)，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)汽车(che)(che)式起重机吊入作业面(mian)(mian)(mian)，砖斗(dou)不(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)放(fang)置(zhi)在(zai)土(tu)(tu)工布表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，也不(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)放(fang)置(zhi)在(zai)砂垫层(ceng)(ceng)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，应放(fang)置(zhi)在(zai)已铺(pu)(pu)设完成(cheng)的混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)预制(zhi)(zhi)块(kuai)(kuai)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，避(bi)免(mian)(mian)对下(xia)(xia)(xia)部土(tu)(tu)工膜(mo)造(zao)成(cheng)损坏(huai)，人(ren)工搬运(yun)至铺(pu)(pu)设作业人(ren)员附近。马道以(yi)(yi)上坡(po)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)预制(zhi)(zhi)块(kuai)(kuai)由(you)堆(dui)场(chang)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)小型运(yun)输车(che)(che)或(huo)装(zhuang)载机运(yun)输至坝(ba)(ba)顶(ding)，人(ren)工装(zhuang)卸(xie)，不(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)直接(jie)翻倒，避(bi)免(mian)(mian)混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)预制(zhi)(zhi)块(kuai)(kuai)棱角磕碰磨(mo)(mo)损，影响(xiang)(xiang)外观(guan)质量。人(ren)工堆(dui)码在(zai)坝(ba)(ba)顶(ding)两(liang)侧，堆(dui)码高(gao)(gao)度0.70m以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)。沿坝(ba)(ba)坡(po)面(mian)(mian)(mian)搭设溜槽(cao)，溜槽(cao)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)厚2mm钢板制(zhi)(zhi)作，宽(kuan)35cm，两(liang)侧边高(gao)(gao)15cm。底(di)部先铺(pu)(pu)设一(yi)(yi)层(ceng)(ceng)土(tu)(tu)工布，溜槽(cao)摆放(fang)于土(tu)(tu)工布上，顶(ding)部用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)2根φ16钢筋(jin)锚固，溜槽(cao)脚(jiao)部用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)废旧轮胎或(huo)橡胶(jiao)垫保护，防(fang)止混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)预制(zhi)(zhi)块(kuai)(kuai)下(xia)(xia)(xia)滑(hua)(hua)至底(di)部时与坚硬物(wu)体撞击(ji)。坝(ba)(ba)顶(ding)一(yi)(yi)名(ming)工人(ren)将(jiang)混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)预制(zhi)(zhi)块(kuai)(kuai)放(fang)入溜槽(cao)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)朝下(xia)(xia)(xia)，轻推混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)预制(zhi)(zhi)块(kuai)(kuai)，使其沿溜槽(cao)缓慢下(xia)(xia)(xia)滑(hua)(hua)至底(di)部，人(ren)工搬运(yun)至铺(pu)(pu)设作业人(ren)员附近，搬一(yi)(yi)块(kuai)(kuai)下(xia)(xia)(xia)滑(hua)(hua)一(yi)(yi)块(kuai)(kuai)，严禁(jin)一(yi)(yi)次下(xia)(xia)(xia)滑(hua)(hua)多(duo)块(kuai)(kuai)在(zai)搬运(yun)。