水利工程渗漏危机四伏，背后的 “黑手” 竟是它们？

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)问题(ti)是导(dao)致水(shui)利工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)出现渗(shen)漏(lou)(lou)的(de)现象的(de)常见原(yuan)因(yin)，例(li)如在(zai)水(shui)利工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)过程(cheng)中，一旦(dan)某个(ge)环节对于抗(kang)渗(shen)漏(lou)(lou)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)管控不(bu)(bu)足，就会导(dao)致实(shi)际(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)质量(liang)不(bu)(bu)佳，进(jin)而影响(xiang)基础(chu)设施(shi)的(de)抗(kang)渗(shen)能力，进(jin)而引发(fa)渗(shen)漏(lou)(lou)问题(ti)影响(xiang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)质量(liang)。同(tong)时部分施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)单位为(wei)提高(gao)(gao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)效率、缩短(duan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期，因(yin)而在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)过程(cheng)中往(wang)往(wang)存在(zai)处理不(bu)(bu)当的(de)情况，也导(dao)致产生渗(shen)漏(lou)(lou)现象的(de)概率显(xian)著升高(gao)(gao)。

施工(gong)材料(liao)质(zhi)量(liang)直接影(ying)响水利设(she)施的(de)整体(ti)抗渗(shen)性能。以(yi)混凝土(tu)(tu)材料(liao)为例(li)，混凝土(tu)(tu)材料(liao)的(de)质(zhi)量(liang)与(yu)使用材料(liao)质(zhi)量(liang)息(xi)(xi)息(xi)(xi)相(xiang)关(guan)，如果(guo)使用材料(liao)存在质(zhi)量(liang)问(wen)题，就会影(ying)响制作混凝土(tu)(tu)的(de)强度和稳定(ding)性。例(li)如如果(guo)选择(ze)水泥质(zhi)量(liang)较差、砂砾品质(zhi)不达标(biao)、外(wai)加剂效果(guo)不佳时，都(dou)容易(yi)导致混凝土(tu)(tu)出(chu)(chu)现裂缝现象(xiang)，进而(er)引发渗(shen)漏(lou)问(wen)题。除此之外(wai)，例(li)如部分(fen)工(gong)程项目施工(gong)中选用的(de)钢材品质(zhi)不足，因而(er)导致在施工(gong)过程中出(chu)(chu)现变形、损坏等(deng)问(wen)题，不仅(jin)延误工(gong)期、降低(di)施工(gong)质(zhi)量(liang)，同时也会导致发生渗(shen)漏(lou)现象(xiang)的(de)概率升高。

施(shi)(shi)工结(jie)构(gou)设(she)(she)(she)计(ji)也是导(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)水利工程(cheng)出现(xian)渗(shen)水现(xian)象(xiang)的(de)主(zhu)要因素。由(you)于水利工程(cheng)在(zai)实(shi)际施(shi)(shi)工过程(cheng)中(zhong)需要设(she)(she)(she)计(ji)单位结(jie)合实(shi)际情(qing)况和施(shi)(shi)工环境进行(xing)设(she)(she)(she)计(ji)， 如果环境勘察工作存(cun)(cun)在(zai)缺失(shi)，就(jiu)会导(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)设(she)(she)(she)计(ji)方案与实(shi)际情(qing)况存(cun)(cun)在(zai)偏差，进而影响(xiang)施(shi)(shi)工设(she)(she)(she)计(ji)方案的(de)可行(xing)性和科(ke)学性。例(li)如如果在(zai)设(she)(she)(she)计(ji)环节对于建(jian)筑结(jie)构(gou)的(de)设(she)(she)(she)计(ji)不严(yan)谨，导(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)部分部位施(shi)(shi)工后存(cun)(cun)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工缝没有(you)及时填补，就(jiu)会导(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)水利设(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)出现(xian)渗(shen)漏现(xian)象(xiang)，或在(zai)设(she)(she)(she)计(ji)环节对于基础结(jie)构(gou)的(de)力学分析计(ji)算错误，就(jiu)会导(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)后续施(shi)(shi)工过程(cheng)中(zhong)出现(xian)结(jie)构(gou)变(bian)形、损坏等问题，导(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)引发渗(shen)漏问题威胁施(shi)(shi)工安全和质量。

外部(bu)环(huan)境(jing)(jing)同样是引发(fa)渗(shen)漏问(wen)题的(de)(de)关(guan)键因(yin)(yin)素(su)之一，由于水(shui)利工(gong)(gong)程项目(mu)的(de)(de)规(gui)模大，因(yin)(yin)而施(shi)工(gong)(gong)周期长(zhang)，在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)过程中(zhong)受(shou)到外部(bu)环(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)影(ying)响(xiang)较多。一旦(dan)突发(fa)恶劣天气(qi)、地下水(shui)环(huan)境(jing)(jing)和(he)临近(jin)水(shui)源出现(xian)(xian)涨水(shui)情(qing)(qing)况(kuang)时都会导(dao)致发(fa)生渗(shen)漏问(wen)题。因(yin)(yin)而在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)过程中(zhong)需要加强对施(shi)工(gong)(gong)区域气(qi)候、温度、降雨(yu)情(qing)(qing)况(kuang)等环(huan)境(jing)(jing)因(yin)(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)评估，从而及时做好预防措施(shi)，避免水(shui)利设(she)施(shi)出现(xian)(xian)渗(shen)漏问(wen)题影(ying)响(xiang)整体安全稳(wen)定性。